ADR
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is a means of settling a dispute, conflict, or claim without courtroom litigation. Instead, the parties involved agree to use an ADR process such as mediation or arbitration.
JURISPRUDENCE
Jurisprudence is the study of the principles, theories, and philosophy of law. It helps us understand the nature, purpose, and development of legal systems, guiding how laws are made and applied in society.
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RESEARCH
Research and Methodology refers to the systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information to gain knowledge or solve a problem. It provides the tools and methods—such as observation, surveys, case studies,
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BNS 2023
The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023 is India’s new criminal law that replaces the Indian Penal Code, 1860. It modernizes criminal offences, introduces stricter punishments, focuses on speedy justice, and includes new provisions related to terrorism, mob lynching, organized crime, and crimes against women and children.
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BNSS 2023
The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023 replaces the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), 1973. It provides modern procedures for investigation, arrest, bail, trials, and evidence collection, aiming to make the criminal justice system faster, more transparent, and citizen-friendly.
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What is Law? Mention various types of law. State the differences between Civil and Criminal Law.
Introduction
Law is the foundation of social order and justice. It consists of a set of rules, principles, and regulations created by the competent authority to govern human conduct within a society. Law ensures peace, resolves disputes, protects rights, and maintains overall discipline in the community. It regulates relationships among individuals and between individuals and the State.
Various Types of Law
1. Criminal Law
Criminal law deals with acts that are considered harmful to society at large. It defines offences such as murder, theft, assault, and drug trafficking, and prescribes punishments for those who commit these acts. The State prosecutes the offender to maintain public order.
2. Civil Law
Civil law regulates disputes between private individuals or entities. It includes matters related to contracts, property disputes, family issues, torts, and personal injury claims. The aim is compensation or remedy rather than punishment.
3. Constitutional Law
Constitutional law is based on the principles contained in a country’s Constitution. It determines the structure, powers, and functions of the government, and protects the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens.
4. Administrative Law
Administrative law governs the actions and decisions of administrative or governmental agencies. It ensures fairness, transparency, and that authorities act within their legal powers.
5. International Law
International law consists of rules and agreements that regulate relations between nations. It covers treaties, diplomacy, global trade, environmental issues, human rights, and international conflicts.
Differences between Civil and Criminal Law
| Aspect | Civil Law | Criminal Law |
|---|---|---|
| Purpose | To resolve disputes between private parties and provide compensation or remedies | To punish offenders for acts considered harmful to society and maintain law and order |
| Parties Involved | Plaintiff vs. Defendant (private individuals/entities) | State (Prosecution) vs. Accused (Defendant) |
| Burden of Proof | Lies on the plaintiff | Lies on the prosecution |
| Standard of Proof | Preponderance of evidence (greater probability) | Beyond reasonable doubt (very high level of certainty) |
| Nature of Wrong | Private wrong | Public wrong |
| Outcome/Penalty | Compensation, injunction, specific performance | Imprisonment, fine, death penalty (as per law) |
Examples | Contract disputes, property disputes, divorce, torts | Murder, theft, rape, kidnapping |
Conclusion
In conclusion, law acts as an essential instrument for maintaining order, protecting rights, and ensuring justice within society. Civil law and criminal law form two major pillars of the legal system, each serving different but equally important purposes. While civil law focuses on resolving disputes between private individuals through remedies and compensation, criminal law deals with offences against society and aims to deter, punish, and reform offenders. Together, these branches ensure a balanced, just, and well-regulated society.
